![]() Democracy was well suited to the so-called Age of Reason, with its ideals of individual rights and progress. Both revolutions also heralded the rise of secular society as opposed to church-based authority systems. The French and American revolutions were inspired by a rejection of monarchy in favor of national sovereignty and representative democracy. The Industrial Revolution, which began in England around 1750, combined with the American Revolution in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789, marked the beginning of massive changes in the world. Huge political, social, and economic changes marked the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the late modern period. Enlightenment ideals of reason, rationalism, and faith in scientific inquiry slowly began to replace the previously dominant authorities of king and church. During the early modern period, transportation improved, politics became more secularized, capitalism spread, nation-states grew more powerful, and information became more widely accessible. As noted in preceding sections, Gutenberg’s machine also greatly enabled the spread of knowledge and, in turn, spurred the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. Thanks to Gutenberg’s press, the European population of the early modern period saw rising literacy rates, which led to educational reform. The early modern period began with Gutenberg’s invention of the movable type printing press in the late 15th century and ended in the late 18th century. The Modern Age is generally split into two parts: the early and the late modern periods. The Modern Age, or modernity, is the postmedieval era, a wide span of time marked in part by technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization. For the purpose of studying culture and mass media, the post-Gutenberg modern and postmodern ages are the most relevant ones to explore. In each of these cases, it wasn’t that the nature of truth changed, but the way humans attempted to make sense of a world that was radically changing. And, in 2008, Wired magazine’s editor in chief proclaimed that Google was about to render the scientific method obsolete (Anderson, 2008). During the Renaissance, people turned to the scientific method as a way to reach truth through reason. In the Middle Ages, truth was dictated by authorities like the king and the church. Changes in cultural periods are marked by fundamental switches in the way people perceive and understand the world. A cultural period is a time marked by a particular way of understanding the world through culture and technology. ![]() Marked by skepticism, self-consciousness, celebration of differences, and the digitalization of culture.Īfter exploring the ways technology, culture, and mass media have affected one another over the years, it may also be helpful to look at recent cultural eras more broadly. Sparked by the Industrial Revolution characterized by technical innovations, increasingly secular politics, and urbanization. Contemporary Period (A.D.Began with Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the movable type printing press characterized by improved transportation, educational reform, and scientific inquiry.1945) - wartime period that began with Germany’s invasion of Poland and ends with the surrender of Japan, the last standing Axis power 1939) - extended period of worldwide economic hardship that started with the stock market crash in 1929 1918) - worldwide conflict centered in Europe also known as the Great War 1914 ) - often referred to as the Technological Revolution period in which the light bulb, the telephone, the airplane, and the Model T automobile were invented 1901) - reign of Queen Victoria I that saw increased urbanization, the American Civil War and the end of African slavery 1914) - century of time in which France, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States colonized in other nations around the world ![]() 1848) - period of revolutions around the world, including the American Revolution, French Revolution, Spanish-American Wars for Independence, Italian Revolutions, Greek War of Independence, and the Spring of Nations 1840) - beginning of the modern era that saw several technological innovations, including the invention of the cotton gin, the increase of city factories and mills and the completion of the Erie Canal ![]() Because our history of the last three centuries is so well documented, it’s possible to examine each period of the Modern era on its own. ![]()
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